Beginners Guide to Sets, Repetitions, and Rest Intervals
Sets, repetitions, and rest intervals are the basis of weight training programs. You need to know what they mean and how to mix and match them for best effect to reach your goals. Your training program will differ in the weights used, number of repetitions and sets, rest intervals, and speed of execution depending on whether you are training for fitness, muscle hypertrophy, strength, power, or endurance.
Reps, Sets, Rest, and Speed
The first step is understanding these terms and how they describe your workout program.
Reps
A repetition (rep) is one completion of an exercise, such as one deadlift, one bench press, or one arm curl. A repetition maximum (1RM) is your personal best, or the most you can lift once in a single repetition of an exercise. Therefore, a 12RM is the most you can lift and successfully perform 12 repetitions with proper form.
Sets
A setis a series of repetitions performed sequentially. For example, eight repetitions can be one set of bench presses.
Rest
The rest interval is the time spent resting between sets that allow the muscle to recover. The rest period between sets is usually in the range of 30 seconds to two minutes. Some exercises also have short rests between reps.
Generally, rest between sets falls within these ranges for different training goals.
- Strength: 2 to 5 minutes
- Muscle hypertrophy: 30 to 60 seconds
- Muscle endurance: 30 to 60 seconds
- Power: 1 to 2 minutes
Example:
Barbell Overhead Press: 50 pounds 3 X 10 RM, 60 seconds
That would mean three sets of 10 (maximum) presses using a weight of 50 pounds, with 60-second rests between sets.
Speed of Exercise Execution
Contraction velocity is the speed at which an exercise is performed. This has an effect on training goals and results.
- Strength: 1 to 2 seconds concentric and eccentric
- Hypertrophy: 2 to 5 seconds concentric and eccentric
- Endurance: 1 to 2 seconds concentric and eccentric
- Power: Less than 1 second concentric, 1 to 2 seconds eccentric
How to Choose Weights
According to the U.S. National Strength and Conditioning Association, the theoretical distribution of repetitions against a percentage of 1RM (your maximum lift) is distributed as follows. This example uses a bench press where your 1RM is 160 pounds.
- 100% of 1RM: 160 pounds, 1 repetition
- 85% of 1RM: 136 pounds, 6 repetitions
- 67% of 1RM: 107 pounds, 12 repetitions
- 65% of 1RM: 104 pounds, 15 repetitions
- 60% of 1RM: 96 pounds, warm-up reps
You should be able to do one lift at your personal best, six lifts at 85% of your personal best, and 15 lifts at 65% of your 1RM personal best, with percentages for any lift in between. This is a guide you can refer to when you choose appropriate weights for working out.
Use Goals to Build a Program
A training program is a schedule of exercise types, frequency, intensity, and volume, whether for weight training or any other fitness training. You can devise many combinations of sets, reps, rest, and exercise types to find what works best for you. A qualified strength and conditioning trainer can help you plan a program. These variables can be adjusted in any weight training program:
- Exercise selection
- Weight or resistance
- Number of repetitions
- Number of sets
- Velocity of movement
- Time between sets
- Time between sessions (training days/week)
- Time between periodization cycles
Training for General Fitness
A basic fitness program should target both strength and muscle-building. Somewhere between eight and 15 repetitions for two to four sets will help you accomplish both.
Choose eight to 12 exercises, making sure to hit your lower and upper body, and your core. At this stage, don’t lift too heavy or too light (you should feel fatigued by the last rep, but it shouldn’t be overly difficult) to ensure a good foundation before trying more goal-specific workouts.
Training for Strength
Strength training uses the most weight, the least number of repetitions, and the longest rest periods. When your aim is building strength, lift heavier for fewer reps, compared to when you’re trying to build muscle size or muscular endurance.
For example, those with a strength goal might use a 5×5 system. That means five sets of five repetitions. You’ll use relatively higher loads, plus take a longer rest between sets (about three to five minutes). The neuromuscular system responds to heavy weights by increasing your ability to lift those heavy loads. Training for muscle does not necessarily improve strength, just size.
Training for Muscle Hypertrophy
Hypertrophy for muscle size and bodybuilding training utilizes lighter weights, more repetitions and less rest time. Muscle requires metabolic stress to increase in size. This means working the muscle to the point where lactate builds and muscle suffers internal damage. Size increases occur when you rest, eat appropriately, and the muscle repairs, growing larger in the process.
This sort of training requires a higher number of repetitions in each set in order to stimulate that breaking point, sometimes called “training to failure.” A typical approach to reps and sets for those looking to build muscle (the main goal of bodybuilders) might be three sets of eight to 12 reps, at loads that reach failure point (or near) on the last few repetitions.
Training for Power
Power training involves somewhat lighter weights and longer rests while concentrating on the speed of execution. “Power” is the ability to move an object at a high speed. Force equals mass times acceleration, and power training requires practicing the acceleration part of a lift, then resting and repeating.
In power training, you lift moderately heavy weights, accentuate the concentric first movement of the exercise, then rest sufficiently to recover before doing that rep or set again. You need to ensure each push, pull, squat, or lunge is done at a quick tempo.
Training for Muscular Endurance
Endurance weight training requires more repetitions in each set, perhaps up to 20 or 30, with lighter weights. You may want to consider why you’d set this as your goal. What is the day-to-day function that requires muscular endurance? For example, if you’re a runner, you might want to concentrate on endurance in your legs. Swimmers might focus on their arms.
Training for Olympic Lifts
Olympic lifting requires strength and power. Various training protocols exist, and Olympic lifters train to do just two lifts: the clean and jerk, and the snatch. Training sessions include six or fewer repetitions for a higher number of sets, about 10 to 12. The goal here would be to get better and stronger at these particular movements, and also increase the weight used in the exercises.
